The Studio of Venice and its graduates in the sixteenth century

development of the medical schools. From the 1960s, Dowling detects a shift in which hospitals are becoming leaders in health care for their communities. Dowling has made careful use of a variety of secondary and printed primary sources. However, he has not used hospital papers and seems to have used only those primary materials to which secondary works have referred him. It is a pity, too, that he seems not to have drawn upon the expertise of Charles Rosenberg in the area. Despite these drawbacks, Dowling has made a useful contribution to this field. Lindsay Granshaw Unit for the History of Medicine University College London